@article {KNZ001206,
	title = {Headwater influences on downstream water quality},
	journal = {Environmental Management},
	volume = {41},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {367 -377},
	abstract = {<p>We investigated the influence of riparian and whole watershed land use as a function of stream size on surface water chemistry and assessed regional variation in these relationships. Sixty-eight watersheds in four level III U.S. EPA ecoregions in eastern Kansas were selected as study sites. Riparian land cover and watershed land use were quantified for the entire watershed, and by Strahler order. Multiple regression analyses using riparian land cover classifications as independent variables explained among-site variation in water chemistry parameters, particularly total nitrogen (41\%), nitrate (61\%), and total phosphorus (63\%) concentrations. Whole watershed land use explained slightly less variance, but riparian and whole watershed land use were so tightly correlated that it was difficult to separate their effects. Water chemistry parameters sampled in downstream reaches were most closely correlated with riparian land cover adjacent to the smallest (first-order) streams of watersheds or land use in the entire watershed, with riparian zones immediately upstream of sampling sites offering less explanatory power as stream size increased. Interestingly, headwater effects were evident even at times when these small streams were unlikely to be flowing. Relationships were similar among ecoregions, indicating that land use characteristics were most responsible for water quality variation among watersheds. These findings suggest that nonpoint pollution control strategies should consider the influence of small upland streams and protection of downstream riparian zones alone is not sufficient to protect water quality.</p>},
	keywords = {LTER-KNZ, geographic information systems, Headwater streams, Nonpoint source pollution, Riparian zones, water quality, Watershed management},
	doi = {10.1007/s00267-007-9033-y},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007\%2Fs00267-007-9033-y},
	author = {W. K. Dodds and Oakes, R.M.}
}
@article {KNZ001058,
	title = {Controls on nutrients across a prairie stream watershed: Land use and riparian cover effects},
	journal = {Environmental Management},
	volume = {37},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {636 -646},
	abstract = {Nutrient inputs generally are increased by human-induced land use changes and can lead to eutrophication and impairment of surface waters. Understanding the scale at which land use influences nutrient loading is necessary for the development of management practices and policies that improve water quality. The authors assessed the relationships between land use and stream nutrients in a prairie watershed dominated by intermittent stream flow in the first-order higher elevation reaches. Total nitrogen, nitrate, and phosphorus concentrations were greater in tributaries occupying the lower portions of the watershed, closely mirroring the increased density of row crop agriculture from headwaters to lower-elevation alluvial areas. Land cover classified at three spatial scales in each sub-basin above sampling sites (riparian in the entire catchment, catchment land cover, and riparian across the 2 km upstream) was highly correlated with variation in both total nitrogen (r2 = 53\%, 52\%, and 49\%, respectively) and nitrate (r2 = 69\%, 65\%, and 56\%, respectively) concentrations among sites. However, phosphorus concentrations were not significantly associated with riparian or catchment land cover classes at any spatial scale. Separating land use from riparian cover in the entire watershed was difficult, but riparian cover was most closely correlated with in-stream nutrient concentrations. By controlling for land cover, a significant correlation of riparian cover for the 2 km above the sampling site with in-stream nutrient concentrations could be established. Surprisingly, land use in the entire watershed, including small intermittent streams, had a large influence on average downstream water quality although the headwater streams were not flowing for a substantial portion of the year. This suggests that nutrient criteria may not be met only by managing permanently flowing streams.},
	keywords = {LTER-KNZ, nitrogen, Phosphorus, Prairie watershed, Riparian, water quality},
	doi = {10.1007/s00267-004-0072-3},
	author = {W. K. Dodds and Oakes, R.M.}
}
@mastersthesis {KNZ00935,
	title = {Riparian impacts on water quality in eastern Kansas watersheds},
	volume = {MS Thesis},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {1 -89},
	school = {Kansas State University},
	type = {M.S. Thesis},
	address = {Manhattan, KS},
	keywords = {LTER-KNZ},
	author = {Oakes, R.M.}
}
