@inbook {KNZ00649, title = {Animal populations and communities}, booktitle = {Grassland Dynamics: Long-Term Ecological Research in Tallgrass Prairie}, year = {1998}, pages = {113 -139}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, organization = {Oxford University Press}, address = {New York}, keywords = {LTER-KNZ, tallgrass prairie}, author = {D.W. Kaufman and Kaufman, G.A. and Fay, P.A. and Zimmerman, J.L. and Evans, E.W.}, editor = {Alan K. Knapp and J. M. Briggs and D.C. Hartnett and Scott. L. Collins} } @inbook {KNZ00648, title = {Diversity of terrestrial macrofauna}, booktitle = {Grassland Dynamics: Long-Term Ecological Research in Tallgrass Prairie}, year = {1998}, pages = {101 -112}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, organization = {Oxford University Press}, address = {New York}, keywords = {LTER-KNZ, tallgrass prairie}, author = {D.W. Kaufman and Fay, P.A. and Kaufman, G.A. and Zimmerman, J.L.}, editor = {Alan K. Knapp and J. M. Briggs and D.C. Hartnett and Scott. L. Collins} } @inbook {KNZ00617, title = {Avian community responses to fire, grazing and drought in the tallgrass prairie}, booktitle = {Ecology and Conservation of Great Plains Vertebrates}, year = {1997}, pages = {167 -180}, publisher = {Springer Verlag}, organization = {Springer Verlag}, address = {New York}, abstract = {Vegetation typical of the tallgrass prairie occurs east of the Great Plains in bottomland {\textquotedblleft}openings{\textquotedblright} and as small {\textquotedblleft}glades{\textquotedblright} or {\textquotedblleft}balds{\textquotedblright} within the eastern deciduous forest. West of the Mississippi River, however, coverage by tallgrass prairie expands with the increasingly greater aridity under the deepening rainshadow of the western mountains. Along the Kansas-Missouri border on the western fringe of the deciduous forest, prairie is present across 50{\textendash}80\% of the region (Schroeder 1983). Forested area within this prairie-forest mosaic continues to diminish, decreasing to as little as 7\% in the Flint Hills Uplands (Knight et al. 1994). The portion of the Great Plains characterized by the tallgrass prairie community exists in a climate that allows the development of forest as a bordering {\textquotedblleft}gallery{\textquotedblright} along stream courses. These naturally occurring forest fragments, these island remnants of the continental forest to the east, remain an integral aspect of the tallgrass prairie landscape, contributing a disproportionately greater component, considering the small extent of their coverage, to the regional avian species richness (Faanes 1984, Zimmerman 1993).}, keywords = {LTER-KNZ, tallgrass prairie}, doi = {10.1007/978-1-4757-2703-6_7}, author = {Zimmerman, J.L.}, editor = {Knopf, F.L. and Samson, F.B.} } @article {KNZ00577, title = {Comparisons of water consumption between two grassland emberizids}, journal = {The Prairie Naturalist}, volume = {27}, year = {1996}, pages = {215 -222}, keywords = {LTER-KNZ}, author = {Zimmerman, J.L.} } @book {KNZ00431, title = {The Birds of Konza: Avian Ecology of the Tallgrass Prairie}, year = {1993}, pages = {176 -}, publisher = {University Press of Kansas}, organization = {University Press of Kansas}, address = {Lawrence, KS}, keywords = {LTER-KNZ}, author = {Zimmerman, J.L.} } @article {KNZ00385, title = {Density-independent factors affecting the avian diversity of the tallgrass prairie community}, journal = {Wilson Bulletin}, volume = {104}, year = {1992}, pages = {85 -94}, keywords = {LTER-KNZ, tallgrass prairie}, doi = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4163118}, author = {Zimmerman, J.L.} } @article {KNZ00378, title = {Time budgets of confined nothern cardinals and Harris{\textquoteright} sparrows in flocks and differences in observer data}, journal = {Journal of Field Ornithology}, volume = {63}, year = {1992}, pages = {129 -137}, keywords = {LTER-KNZ}, doi = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4513677}, author = {Shuman, T.W. and Robel, R.J. and Kemp, K.E. and Zimmerman, J.L.} } @article {KNZ00262, title = {Passerine breeding birds of Konza Prairie}, journal = {Kansas Ornithology Society Bulletin}, volume = {40}, year = {1989}, pages = {23 -28}, abstract = {

This paper provides a current listing of passerine species with documented breeding records. Eastern Wood-Pewee (Contopus virens), Eastern Phoebe (Sayornis phoebe, Great crested flycatcher (Myiarchus crinitus), Eastern kingbird (Tyrannus tyrannus), Scissor-tailed flycatcher (Tyrannus forficatus), Horned lark (Eremophila alpestris), Northern rough-winged swallow (Stelgidopteryx serripennis), Barn swallow (Hirundo rustica), Blue jay (Cyanocitta cristata), Black-capped chickadee (Parus atricapillus), Tufted titmouse (Parus bicolor), White-breasted nuthatch (Sitta carolinensis), Bewick\&$\#$39;s wren (Thryomanes bewickii), House wren (Troglodytes aedon), Sedge wren (Cistothorus platensis), Blue-gray gnatcatcher (Polioptilla caerulea), Eastern bluebird (Sialis sialis), American robin (Turdus migratorius), Gray catbird (Dumetella carolinensis), Brown thrasher (Toxostoma rufum), Loggerhead shrike (Lanius ludovicianus), Starling (Sturnus vulgaris), Bell\&$\#$39;s vireo (Vireo bellii), Louisiana waterthrush (Seiurus motacilla), Common yellowthroat (Geothlypis trichas), Northern cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis), Indigo bunting (Passerina cyanea), Dickcissel (Spiza americana), Rufous-sided towhee (Pipilo erythrophthalmus), Field sparrow (Spizella pusilla), Grasshopper sparrow (Ammodramus savannarum), Henslow\&$\#$39;s sparrow (Ammocramus henslowii)Red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus), Eastern meadowlark (Sturnella magna), Common grackle (Quiscalus quisula), Brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater), Orchard oriole (Icterus spurius), Northern oriole (Icterus galbula), American goldfinch (Carduelis tristis), House sparrow (Passer domesticus). The following passerines probably nest on Konza Prairie, but no direct evidence of breeding has been obtained: American Crow, Carolina Wren, Warbling Vireo, Red-eyed Vireo, Black-and-White Warbler, Kentucky Warbler, Summer Tanager, Scarlet Tanager, Rose-breasted Grosbeak, Blue Grosbeak, Lark Sparrow

}, keywords = {LTER-KNZ}, author = {Zimmerman, J.L.} } @article {KNZ00253, title = {Variance in digestive efficiencies of four sympatric avian granivores}, journal = {Auk}, volume = {106}, year = {1989}, pages = {324 -326}, abstract = {

The efficiency with which an animal obtains energy from its diet is critical to its survival during stressful periods (e.g. winter in terperate zones). We determined the variance in digestive efficiencies among four winter sympatric bird species: the Northern Cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis), Dark-eyed Junco (Junco hyemalis), Harris\&$\#$39; Sparrow (Zonotrichia querula), and American Tree Sparrow (Spizella arborea). These species are granivorous birds characterized by strong beaks adapted for cracking seeds (Bent 1968). Of the four species, only the Northern Cardinal ia a year-round resident of Kansas

}, keywords = {LTER-KNZ}, doi = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4087728}, author = {Shuman, T.W. and Robel, R.J. and Zimmerman, J.L. and Kemp, K.E.} } @article {KNZ00208, title = {Apparent metabolizable energy content of foods used by mourning doves}, journal = {Journal of Wildlife Management}, volume = {52}, year = {1988}, pages = {481 -483}, abstract = {

We collected metabolic efficiency and consumption data on 12 seed diets fed to captive mourning doves (Zenaida macroura) under simulated winter conditions. Doves consumed 7-17 g/day of 8 diets (i.e., acceptable) and 0.8-3.5 g/day of 4 diets (i.e., unacceptable). Metabolic efficiencies of doves on the 8 acceptable diets ranged from 69 to 94\%. The foods differed in apparent metabolizable energy value to doves

}, keywords = {LTER-KNZ}, doi = {10.2307/3801595}, author = {Shuman, T.W. and Robel, R.J. and Dayton, A.D. and Zimmerman, J.L.} } @article {KNZ00213, title = {Breeding season habitat selection by the Henslow{\textquoteright}s sparrow (Ammodramus henslowii) in Kansas}, journal = {The Wilson Bulletin}, volume = {100}, year = {1988}, pages = {17 -24}, abstract = {

Vegetation was compared for areas sequestered within territories and those excluded from territories. Males establish territories in patches with greater coverage by standing dead vegetation, lesser coverage by woody vegetation, and taller live grasses. It is hypothesized that the primary ultimate cause for this proximate selection is the depressing effect of standing dead vegetation on aboveground grass productivity which results in a more open substrate for this ground-dwelling species

}, keywords = {LTER-KNZ}, doi = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4162513}, author = {Zimmerman, J.L.} } @article {KNZ00164, title = {Non-passerine breeding birds of Konza Prairie}, journal = {Kansas Ornithological Society Bulletin}, volume = {38}, year = {1987}, pages = {29 -33}, abstract = {

During the years following acquisition of the site, the documentation of breeding birds was incidental to research conducted by myself and students. With the initiation of an NSF-supported Long-term Ecological Research program on Konza Prairie in 1980, a more systematic effort was undertaken to identify the breeding species in order to provide a baseline reference for future research. Evidence used to substantiate breeding for this study was either the finding of an active nest of a species or the observation of recently fledged young attended by adult birds. Key words: Green-backed heron (Butroides striatus), Wood duck (Aix sponsa), Northern Harrier (Circus cyaneus), Red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis), American kestrel (Falco sparverius), Ring-necked pheasant (Phasianus colchicus), Greater prairie-chicken (Tympanuchus cupido), Northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus), Killdeer (Charadrius vociferus), Upland sandpiper (Bartramia longicauda), American woodcock (Scolopax minor), Rock dove (Columba liva), Mourning dove (Zenaida macroura), Black-billed cuckoo (Coccyzus erthythropthalmus), Yellow-billed cuckoo (Coccyzus americana), Great horned owl (Bubo virginianus), Common nighthawk (Chrodeiles minor), Common poorwill (Phalaenoptilus nuttallii), Chimney swift (Chaetura pelagica), Belted kingfisher (Megaceryle alcyon), Red- headed woodpecker (Melanerpes erythrocephalus), Red-bellied woodpecker (Melanerpes carolinus), Northern flicker (Calaptes auratus), Downy woodpecker (Picoides pubescens), Ferruginous hawk (Buteo regalis), Black- chinned hummingbird (Archilochus alexandri), Violet-green swallow (Tachycineta thalassina), and Louisiana waterthrush (Seiurus motacilla)

}, keywords = {LTER-KNZ}, author = {Zimmerman, J.L.} } @article {KNZ00103, title = {Birds of Konza Prairie Research Natural Area, Kansas}, journal = {The Prairie Naturalist}, volume = {17}, year = {1985}, pages = {185 -192}, abstract = {

Since 1972, bird species on the Konza Prairie Research Natural Area, a Nature Conservancy site administered by the Division of Biology at Kansas State University, Manhattan, have been recorded throughout the year on a weekly basis and their relative abundances noted. While virgin tall-grass prairie covers most of the 3486-ha area, some lowlands have been cultivated, and a gallery of forest of oak and hackberry borders the lower reaches of the major stream courses. Through 1984, 199 species have been seen on the site; direct evidence of breeding has been obtained for 59 species

}, keywords = {LTER-KNZ, tallgrass prairie}, author = {Zimmerman, J.L.} } @article {KNZ0075, title = {Nest predation and its relationship to habitat and nest density in dickcissels}, journal = {The Condor}, volume = {86}, year = {1984}, pages = {68 -72}, abstract = {

Analysis of the histories of over 500 Dickcissel (Spiza americana) nests found in eastern Kansas showed that those in old-field habitats suffered more predation than those in prairies. Predation rates on the prairie, were not correlated with the weeks of the nesting season, but those in old-fields varied significantly with time. Although both predation rates and nest densities increased concurrently to a peak during the middle of the nesting season in old-fields, an analysis of the relationship between nest densities per week and both daily predation rates and the percent of nests lost to predators each week indicated that predation was not density-dependent. Predation rates are higher in old-fields than in prairies, not because of greater nest densities, but perhaps because predators are more abundant in old-fields. Snakes are the most probable nest predator, and their method of hunting, by chance encounters rather than by directed search, is suited to the absence of a density-dependent effect of predation on Dickcissel nests

}, keywords = {LTER-KNZ, habitat, nest}, doi = {10.2307/1367348}, author = {Zimmerman, J.L.} } @article {KNZ0052, title = {Cowbird parasitism of dickcissels in different habitats and at different nest densities}, journal = {The Wilson Bulletin}, volume = {95}, year = {1983}, pages = {7 -22}, abstract = {

The purposes of this paper are 1) to determine the severity of the impact of the high frequency of cowbird nest parasitism on Dickcissel productivity, 2) analyze the incidence and intensity of parasitism as a function of habitat and the density of host nests, and 3) to assess the productivity of cowbirds in Dickcissel nests

}, keywords = {LTER-KNZ, habitat}, doi = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4161714}, author = {Zimmerman, J.L.} } @proceedings {KNZ0053, title = {Success in a secondary habitat: the dickcissel in the tallgrass prairie}, year = {1983}, pages = {47 -49}, publisher = {Department of Biology Western Michigan University}, address = {Kalamazoo, MI}, abstract = {

The dickcissel (Spiza americana) is the most abundant species in the breeding-season community of the tallgrass prairie in the Flint Hills of Kansas. Yet prairie is not the most preferred habitat; nesting density is as much as five times greater in mature oldfield communities. As a result of low nest density, prairie dickcissels suffer a significantly higher frequency as well as intensity of parasitism by the brown -headed cowbird (Molothrus ater) which reduces the production of young because of the removal of host eggs by the female cowbird. Prairie populations with low nest density, on the other hand, have a decreased chance of nests being destroyed by predators. Thus there is an offsetting balance between the two major factors affecting nest success so that the daily survival rate and the production of young in a prairie nest are no different from a nest in the oldfield community

}, keywords = {LTER-KNZ, tallgrass prairie}, author = {Zimmerman, J.L. and Finck, E.J.}, editor = {Brewer, R.} } @article {KNZ0037, title = {Nesting success of dickcissels (Spiza americana ) in preferred and less preferred habitats}, journal = {The Auk}, volume = {99}, year = {1982}, pages = {292 -298}, abstract = {

Habitat selection in the Dickcissel (Spiza americana) was evaluated by a comparison of over 500 nest histories from the preferred oldfield and the less preferred prairie communities in Kansas. Females are equally successful in either habitat, and their productivity is not adversely affected by their being mated by polygynous males. Thus, these two habitats are similarly suitable for females, and females are distributed simploy according to the availability of adequate nesting environments and not in any density-dependent manner or in response to density cues. No differences exist in survival rates of nests associated with individual males or in the males\&$\#$39; individual productivities between prairies and oldfields when monogamous and bigamous males are compared. The oldfield habitat is more suitable for males, however, because the potential for sequestering more nesting sites is greater in this more heterogeneous habitat. This permits higher levels of polygyny, which increases the productivity of individual males, even though densities of birds in oldfields are greater

}, keywords = {LTER-KNZ, habitats, nest}, doi = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4085976}, author = {Zimmerman, J.L.} } @article {KNZ0020, title = {Emlen transects in Kansas habitats}, journal = {Kansas Ornithological Society Bulletin}, volume = {28}, year = {1977}, pages = {18 -21}, abstract = {

The Emlen strip census (Emlen, 1971, 1972) is becoming more and more widely used as a means to measure bird populations, particularly in environmental impact assessment programs. This method has the advantage of being rapid, applicable to a wide variety of habitats, and usable during all seasons of the year. Yet the data produced are only estimates of relative density and hence of minimal value for comparisons between sites and seasons and not usable at all in attempts to determine community biomass densities. Absolute densities can be derived only if empirically determined correction factors (coefficients and detectability) are calculated. Emlen (1971) hypothesized that these coefficients might be species-specific for a given habitat at a given season. If this hypothesis were true and standard coefficients determined, the cost for bird population census work would be decreased and its value in the description of ecological communities would be enhanced

}, keywords = {LTER-KNZ, habits, kansas, transect}, author = {Zimmerman, J.L.} }