@article {KNZ001454,
	title = {An integrated conceptual framework for long-term social-ecological research},
	journal = {Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {351 -357},
	abstract = {<p>The global reach of human activities affects all natural ecosystems, so that the environment is best viewed as a social\&ndash;ecological system. Consequently, a more integrative approach to environmental science, one that bridges the biophysical and social domains, is sorely needed. Although models and frameworks for social\&ndash;ecological systems exist, few are explicitly designed to guide a long-term interdisciplinary research program. Here, we present an iterative framework, \&ldquo;Press\&ndash;Pulse Dynamics\&rdquo; (PPD), that integrates the biophysical and social sciences through an understanding of how human behaviors affect \&ldquo;press\&rdquo; and \&ldquo;pulse\&rdquo; dynamics and ecosystem processes. Such dynamics and processes, in turn, influence ecosystem services \&ndash;thereby altering human behaviors and initiating feedbacks that impact the original dynamics and processes. We believe that research guided by the PPD framework will lead to a more thorough understanding of social\&ndash;ecological systems and generate the knowledge needed to address pervasive environmental problems.</p>},
	keywords = {LTER-KNZ},
	doi = {10.1890/100068},
	url = {https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1890/100068},
	author = {Scott. L. Collins and Carpenter, S.R. and Swinton, S.M. and Orenstein, D.E. and Childers, D.L. and Gragson, T.L. and Grimm, N.B. and Grove, J.M. and Harlan, S.L. and Kaye, J.P. and Alan K. Knapp and Kofinas, G.P. and Magnuson, J.J. and W.H. McDowell and Melack, J.M. and Ogden, L.A. and Robertson, G.R. and M.D. Smith and Whitmer, A.C.}
}
@article {KNZ001090,
	title = {Compensatory dynamics are rare in naturalecological communities},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	volume = {104},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {3273 -3277},
	abstract = {In population ecology, there has been a fundamental controversy about the relative importance of competition-driven (density-dependent) population regulation vs. abiotic influences such as temperature and precipitation. The same issue arises at the community level; are population sizes driven primarily by changes in the abundances of cooccurring competitors (i.e., compensatory dynamics), or do most species have a common response to environmental factors? Competitive interactions have had a central place in ecological theory, dating back to Gleason, Volterra, Hutchison and MacArthur, and, more recently, Hubbell{\textquoteright}s influential unified neutral theory of biodiversity and biogeography. If competitive interactions are important in driving year-to-year fluctuations in abundance, then changes in the abundance of one species should generally be accompanied by compensatory changes in the abundances of others. Thus, one necessary consequence of strong compensatory forces is that, on average, species within communities will covary negatively. Here we use measures of community covariance to assess the prevalence of negative covariance in 41 natural communities comprising different taxa at a range of spatial scales. We found that species in natural communities tended to covary positively rather than negatively, the opposite of what would be expected if compensatory dynamics were important. These findings suggest that abiotic factors such as temperature and precipitation are more important than competitive interactions in driving year-to-year fluctuations in species abundance within communities.},
	keywords = {LTER-KNZ, biological interactions, Community dynamics, negative covariance, neutral models, zero-sum},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.0603798104},
	author = {Houlahan, J.E. and Currie, D.J. and Cottenie, K. and Cumming, G.S. and Ernest, S.K.M. and Findlay, C.S. and Fuhlendorf, S.D. and Gaedke, U. and Legendre, P. and Magnuson, J.J. and McArdle, B.H. and Muldavin, E.H. and Noble, D. and Russell, R. and Stevens, R.D. and Willis, T.J. and Woiwod, I.P. and Wondzell, S.M.}
}
@article {KNZ00839,
	title = {Disturbance dynamics and ecological response: the contribution of long-term ecological research},
	journal = {BioScience},
	volume = {53},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {46 -56},
	abstract = {Long-term ecological research is particularly valuable for understanding disturbance dynamics over long time periods and placing those dynamics in a regional context. We highlighted three case studies from Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) Network sites that have contributed to understanding the causes and consequences of disturbance in ecological systems. The LTER Network significantly enhances the ability to study disturbance by (a) encompassing ecosystems subject to a wide range of disturbances, (b) providing a long-term baseline against which to detect change and measure ecosystem responses to disturbance, (c) permitting observation of slow or infrequent events, (d) facilitating the use of multiple research approaches, (e) providing a focus for modeling disturbance dynamics, and (f) contributing to land and resource management. Long-term research is crucial to understanding past, present, and future disturbance dynamics, and the LTER Network is poised to make continuing contributions to the understanding of disturbance.},
	keywords = {LTER-KNZ, biotic invasion, fire, heterogeneity, hurricane, scale},
	doi = { 10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0046:DDAERT]2.0.CO;2},
	author = {Turner, M.G. and Scott. L. Collins and Lugo, A.L. and Magnuson, J.J. and Rupp, T.S. and Swanson, F.J.}
}
@inbook {KNZ00508,
	title = {Comparison of spatial and temporal variability of ecological parameters from 12 North American ecosystems},
	booktitle = {Evaluating And Monitoring The Health Of Large-Scale Ecosystems, NATO ASI series, Vol I 28},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {359 -383},
	publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
	organization = {Springer-Verlag},
	address = {Berlin},
	keywords = {LTER-KNZ},
	author = {Kratz, T.K. and Magnuson, J.J. and Bayley, P. and Benson, B.J. and Berish, C.W. and Bledsoe, C.S. and Blood, E.R. and Bowser, C.J. and Carpenter, S.R. and Cunningham, G.L. and Dahlgren, R. and Frost, T.M. and Halfpenny, J.C. and Hansen, J. and Heisey, D. and Inouye, R.S. and D.W. Kaufman and McKee, A. and Yarie, J.A.},
	editor = {Rapport, D.J. and Gaudet, C.L. and Calow, P.}
}
