@article {KNZ00861,
	title = {Effects of fire, mowing and fertilization effects on density and biomass of macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils},
	journal = {Soil Biology \&amp; Biochemistry},
	volume = {35},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {1079 -1093},
	abstract = {The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.},
	keywords = {LTER-KNZ, biomass, Cicadidae, Curculionidae, disturbance, earthworms, Elateridae, Fertilization, Fertilizer, fire, grassland, insect herbivores, nitrogen, Phosphorus, Scarabaeidae},
	doi = {10.1016/S0038-0717(03)00153-6},
	author = {Callaham, M.A. Jr. and John M. Blair and T.C. Todd and Kitchen, D.J. and M.R. Whiles}
}
@article {KNZ00758,
	title = {Different behavioral patterns of the earthworms Octolasion tyrtaeum and Diplocardia spp . in tallgrass prairie soils: potential influences on plant growth},
	journal = {Biology and Fertility of Soils},
	volume = {34},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {49 -56},
	abstract = {This study addressed differences between Diplocardia spp. (a native North American earthworm) and Octolasion tyrtaeum (an introduced European species), with respect to behavior, influence on soil microbial biomass, and plant uptake of N in tallgrass prairie soils. We manipulated earthworms in PVC-encased soil cores (20 cm diameter) over a 45-day period under field conditions. Treatments included: (1) control with no earthworms, (2) Diplocardia spp. only, and (3) O. tyrtaeum only. Prior to addition of earthworms, seedlings of Andropogon gerardii (a dominant tallgrass) were established in each core, and a dilute solution of 13C-labeled glucose and 15N-labeled (NH4)2SO4 was added to the soil to facilitate examination of earthworm/microbe/plant interactions. We found that Diplocardia spp. were significantly more active than O. tyrtaeum, and quickly assimilated 13C and 15N from the tracer. Individuals of Diplocardia spp. were present at shallower soil depths than O. tyrtaeum throughout the study. Contrary to expectation, this greater activity of Diplocardia spp. did not result in increased plant productivity. Rather, the activity of Diplocardia spp. was associated with less plant growth and smaller amounts of N acquired by A. gerardii seedlings compared to controls or O. tyrtaeum treatments. We observed few significant influences of earthworm treatments on microbial biomass C or N pool sizes, but the microbial C/N ratio was consistently greater in the presence of Diplocardia spp. relative to O. tyrtaeum. Results of this study indicate that activity of earthworms may enhance competition for N between microbes and plants during the growing season in tallgrass prairie.},
	keywords = {LTER-KNZ, grassland, Microbial biomass, nitrogen, Soil invertebrates, Stable isotopes},
	doi = {10.1007/s003740100370},
	author = {Callaham, M.A. Jr. and John M. Blair and Hendrix, P.F.}
}
@article {KNZ00724,
	title = {Feeding ecology and emergence production of annual cicadas (Homoptera: Cicadidae) in tallgrass prairie},
	journal = {Oecologia},
	volume = {123},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {535 -542},
	abstract = {The emergence phenology and feeding ecology of annual cicadas in tallgrass prairie are poorly documented. However, these large insects are abundant, and their annual emergence represents a potentially important flux of energy and nutrients from belowground to aboveground. We conducted a study at Konza Prairie Research Natural Area in eastern Kansas to characterize and quantify cicada emergence and associated energy and nutrient fluxes. We established emergence trap transects in three habitat types (upland prairie, lowland prairie, and riparian forest), and collected cicadas every 3 days from May to September. A subset of trapped cicadas was used for species- and sex-specific mass, nutrient, and stable isotope analyses. Five species were trapped during the study, of which three were dominant. Cicadetta calliope and Tibicen aurifera exhibited significantly higher emergence production in upland prairie than in lowland prairie, and were not captured in forested sites at all. T. dorsata emerged from all three habitat types, and though not significant, showed a trend of greater abundance in lowland grasslands. Two less abundant species, T. pruinosa and T. lyricen, emerged exclusively from forested habitats. Nitrogen fluxes associated with total cicada emergence were estimated to be \~{}4 kg N ha{\textendash}1 year{\textendash}1 in both grassland habitats, and 1.01 kg N ha{\textendash}1 year{\textendash}1 in forested sites. Results of stable isotope analyses showed clear patterns of resource partitioning among dominant cicada species emerging from grassland sites. T. aurifera and C. calliope had δ13C and δ15N signatures indicative of feeding on shallowly rooted C4 plants such as the warm-season grasses dominant in tallgrass prairie ecosystems, whereas T. dorsata signatures suggested preferential feeding on more deeply rooted C3 plants.},
	keywords = {LTER-KNZ, grassland, Insect emergence, Nutrient flux, resource partitioning, Stable isotopes},
	doi = {10.1007/s004420000335},
	author = {Callaham, M.A. Jr. and M.R. Whiles and Meyer, C.K. and B. Brock and Charlton, R.E.}
}
@article {KNZ00676,
	title = {Influence of differing land management on the invasion of North American tallgrass prairie soils by European earthworms},
	journal = {Pedobiologia},
	volume = {43},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {507 -512},
	keywords = {LTER-KNZ, tallgrass prairie},
	author = {Callaham, M.A. Jr. and John M. Blair}
}
