@article {KNZ001350,
	title = {Vegetation responses to an animal-generated disturbance (bison wallows) in tallgrass prairie},
	journal = {American Midland Naturalist},
	volume = {165},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {60 -73},
	abstract = {<p>Bison (Bos bison) were a keystone species in the tallgrass prairie region of the Great Plains of North America. Cattle (Bos taurus) have been described as a functional equivalent to bison and have replaced bison in most of the grassland that remains intact. However, non-grazing behaviors influence grassland dynamics and are dissimilar between bison and cattle. Wallowing behavior (a non-grazing behavior by bison, but not cattle) creates disturbances (wallows) that were a common feature (may have numbered more than 100 million) of tallgrass prairie prior to extirpation of bison and conversion of most land to row-crop agriculture. We hypothesized that wallows are a unique disturbance that significantly influence both the structure and function of tallgrass prairie. We examined the response of plants to wallowing disturbances on Konza Prairie Biological Station, Kansas, where a herd of approximately 200 bison had year-round access to 1000 ha of native tallgrass prairie. We determined the influence of this disturbance type on aboveground net primary production (ANPP), plant species richness and diversity, and plant life form richness and diversity. The ANPP at the edge of wallowing disturbances was double the production in wallows and in adjacent prairie, which were not different from year to year. Plant species richness and diversity were significantly lower in wallows than at the edge of wallows and in adjacent prairie during all years of the study. However, composition of species were dissimilar among locations (e.g., 16\% of all plant species samples were found only in the wallows); and, therefore, wallows increased the local and likely regional diversity of plant species. Likewise, wallowing disturbances increased local richness and diversity of plant life forms. It appears that these once common wallowing disturbances increase the diversity of tallgrass prairie beyond that of prairie that is grazed only (i.e., prairie with cattle).</p>},
	keywords = {LTER-KNZ},
	doi = {10.1674/0003-0031-165.1.60},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1674/0003-0031-165.1.60},
	author = {McMillan, B.R. and Pfeiffer, K.A. and D.W. Kaufman}
}
@article {KNZ001086,
	title = {Unusual disturbance of small mammal live traps by American crows},
	journal = {Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science},
	volume = {109},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {242 -244},
	keywords = {LTER-KNZ},
	doi = {10.1660/0022-8443(2006)109[242:UDOSLT]2.0.CO;2},
	author = {Matlack, R.S. and Rehmeier, R.L. and McMillan, B.R. and D.W. Kaufman and Kaufman, G.A.}
}
@article {KNZ001003,
	title = {Factors influencing persistence of white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus)},
	journal = {The Prairie Naturalist},
	volume = {37},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {29 -40},
	keywords = {LTER-KNZ},
	doi = {10.2307/2937372},
	author = {McMillan, B.R. and Kaufman, G.A. and D.W. Kaufman}
}
@article {KNZ00971,
	title = {Long-term study of abundance of the hispid cotton rat in native tallgrass prairie},
	journal = {Journal of Mammalogy},
	volume = {86},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {670 -676},
	abstract = {We studied patterns of and factors influencing abundance of hispid cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) in tallgrass prairie habitats from autumn 1981 to spring 2001 at the Konza Prairie Biological Station, Kansas. Abundance of cotton rats was low during autumn (X̄ = 0.57 individuals/trapline) and extremely low in spring (X̄ = 0.04 individuals/trapline). Autumn abundance varied widely in 20 years (range: 0.00{\textendash}2.50 individuals/trapline) and among 14 sites (0.05{\textendash}1.35 individuals/trapline). Spring prairie fires had a positive influence on cotton rats during the 1st (X̄ = 0.8 individuals/trapline) and 2nd autumns (X̄ = 1.0 individuals/trapline), but not during the 3rd or later autumns (X̄ = 0.2 individuals/trapline). Cotton rats were associated strongly with lowland prairie relative to breaks and upland prairie. Autumn abundance was correlated positively with previous winter (December{\textendash}February) average maximum temperature, but was not correlated with previous winter precipitation, summer (June{\textendash}August) average maximum temperature, summer precipitation, or aboveground net primary productivity. Although previous winter maximum temperature accounted for only 32\% of interautumn variation in abundance, winter harshness appears to be the major factor driving temporal variation in autumn abundance of hispid cotton rats.},
	keywords = {LTER-KNZ, fire, hispid cotton rat, kansas, Sigmodon hispidus, spatial variation, tallgrass prairie, temporal variation, topography},
	doi = {10.1644/1545-1542(2005)086[0670:LSOAOT]2.0.CO;2},
	author = {Rehmeier, R.L. and Kaufman, G.A. and D.W. Kaufman and McMillan, B.R.}
}
@article {KNZ00741,
	title = {Wallowing behavior of American bison (Bos bison) in tallgrass prairie: an examination of alternate explanations},
	journal = {The American Midland Naturalist},
	volume = {144},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {159 -167},
	abstract = {Wallowing is a common behavior of American bison (Bos bison). Past explanations and current hypotheses suggested for wallowing behavior include grooming behavior associated with shedding, male-male interaction (typically rutting behavior), social behavior for group cohesion, play behavior, relief from skin irritation due to biting insects, reduction of ectoparasite (tick and lice) load and thermoregulation. We monitored circannual and circadian patterns of wallowing frequency by American bison during 1996{\textendash}1997 in the tallgrass prairie region of eastern Kansas. Wallowing activity increased from April to late June or July (during 1996 and 1997, respectively), decreased during midsummer, peaked again in September, decreased from September to October and then remained low from November to March. Diurnally, wallowing was low in early morning, increased to a peak in early afternoon and then decreased during mid afternoon and evening. Within the herd adult males wallowed more frequently than adult females and both adult males and females wallowed more frequently than yearlings. We observed behaviors that were consistent with all of the hypotheses previously suggested to explain wallowing behavior by bison. Based on our observations we suggest that the alternate explanations for wallowing behavior are not mutually exclusive. However, only the relief from biting insects hypotheses was consistent with both the circannual and circadian patterns of frequency of wallowing by American bison.},
	keywords = {LTER-KNZ, tallgrass prairie},
	doi = {10.1674/0003-0031(2000)144[0159:WBOABB]2.0.CO;2},
	author = {McMillan, B.R. and Cottam, M.R. and D.W. Kaufman}
}
@phdthesis {KNZ00700,
	title = {Bison wallowing and its influence on the soil environment and vegetation characteristics in tallgrass prairie},
	volume = {PhD Dissertation},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {1 -104},
	school = {Kansas State University},
	type = {Ph.D. Thesis},
	address = {Manhattan, KS},
	keywords = {LTER-KNZ, tallgrass prairie},
	author = {McMillan, B.R.}
}
@proceedings {KNZ00699,
	title = {Rare species of small mammals in northeastern Kansas tallgrass prairie},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {120 -126},
	publisher = {University of Nebraska at Kearney},
	address = {Kearney, NE},
	abstract = {We sampled small mammals in native tallgrass prairie habitat from autumn 1981 to spring 1998 on Konza Prairie Research Natural Area, Kansas. In 130,560 trap-nights, we captured 14 species of small mammals. In decreasing order of abundance, the relatively common species were the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus), western harvest mouse (Reithrodontomys megalotis), Elliot{\textquoteright}s short-tailed shrew (Blarina hylophaga), white-footed mouse (P. leucopus), prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster), thirteen-lined ground squirrel (Spermophilus tridecemlineatus), and hispid cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus). Likewise, rare species were the southern bog lemming (Synaptomys cooperi), hispid pocket mouse (Chaetodipus hispidus), eastern woodrat (Neotoma floridana), house mouse (Mus musculus), plains harvest mouse (Reithrodontomys montanus), least shrew (Cryptotis parva), and meadow jumping mouse (Zapus hudsonius). Relative abundances of the rare species ranged from 0.002 (individuals/trapline/sampling period) for the meadow jumping mouse to 0.112 for the southern bog lemming. All rare species combined comprised approximately 2\% of the small mammal community in grasslands on Konza Prairie. Southern bog lemmings selectively used sites that were left unburned for 2-3 years in contrast to those burned annually and those unburned for s 4 years. Time since fire had no detectable effect on numbers of individuals for the other 6 rare species. In addition, southern bog lemmings, eastern woodrats, and hispid pocket mice were distributed nonrandomly with respect to topography.
},
	keywords = {LTER-KNZ, Chaetodipus hispidus, Cryptotis parva, eastern woodrat, fire, hispid pocket mouse, house mouse, Konza Prairie Research Natural Area, least shrew, meadow jumping mouse, Mus musculus, Neotoma floridana, plains harvest mouse, Reithrodontomys montanus, southern bog lemming, Synaptomys cooperi, topography, Zapus hudsonius},
	url = {http://images.library.wisc.edu/EcoNatRes/EFacs/NAPC/NAPC16/reference/econatres.napc16.bmcmillan.pdf},
	author = {McMillan, B.R. and D.W. Kaufman and Kaufman, G.A.},
	editor = {Springer, J.T.}
}
@article {KNZ00602,
	title = {A case of senescence for the white-footed mouse?},
	journal = {The Southwestern Naturalist},
	volume = {42},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {236 -237},
	keywords = {LTER-KNZ},
	author = {McMillan, B.R. and Kaufman, G.A. and D.W. Kaufman}
}
@article {KNZ00603,
	title = {Mammals of the Konza Prairie: new observations and an updated species list},
	journal = {The Prairie Naturalist},
	volume = {29},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {263 -271},
	keywords = {LTER-KNZ},
	author = {McMillan, B.R. and Kaufman, G.A. and Matlack, R.S.}
}
@article {KNZ00510,
	title = {Short-term responses of small mammals to autumn fire in tallgrass prairie},
	journal = {Prairie Naturalist},
	volume = {27},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {158 -166},
	keywords = {LTER-KNZ, tallgrass prairie},
	author = {McMillan, B.R. and Brillhart, D.E. and D.W. Kaufman and Kaufman, G.A.}
}
@article {KNZ00509,
	title = {Travel path characteristics for free-living white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus)},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Zoology},
	volume = {73},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {1474 -1478},
	abstract = {Characteristics of the travel paths of white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) were examined by tracking animals marked with fluorescent pigment in a wooded site in northeastern Kansas. Based on 84 trails made by 49 individuals, it was concluded that tops of structural features (rocks, branches, logs, or rock fence) were selectively used for nighttime travel. Trails averaged 41.7\% structural features (SE = 6.0\%), whereas sample points 20 cm away from trails averaged 18.0\% structural features (SE = 1.8\%). This pattern of use of structural features did not differ between male and female mice. Nighttime illumination (according to the moon phase) and season did not affect the proportion of structural features used along travel paths; this suggests that risk from visual predators was not driving the pattern of use of structural features for travel paths by white-footed mice. Rather, white-footed mice may have used surface structure for travel because structural features provide paths that are more easily traveled and remembered. Trees were climbed infrequently (0.6 trees per 100 m of trail), but more in autumn (1.9 trees per 100 m of trail) than in other seasons (0.2 trees per 100 m of trail), which likely resulted from greater availability of seeds, nuts, and fruits during autumn than during other seasons.},
	keywords = {LTER-KNZ},
	doi = {10.1139/z95-174},
	author = {McMillan, B.R. and D.W. Kaufman}
}
@mastersthesis {KNZ00461,
	title = {Microhabitat and space use by Peromyscus leucopus : influence of vertical and horizontal structure},
	volume = {MS Thesis},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {1 -59},
	school = {Kansas State University},
	type = {M.S. Thesis},
	address = {Manhattan, KS},
	keywords = {LTER-KNZ},
	author = {McMillan, B.R.}
}
@article {KNZ00453,
	title = {Prevalence of hantavirus antibodies in natural populations of deer mice in north central Kansas},
	journal = {Prairie Naturalist},
	volume = {26},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {209 -216},
	keywords = {LTER-KNZ},
	url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258031384_Prevalence_of_Hantavirus_antibodies_in_natural_populations_of_deer_mice_in_north-central_Kansas},
	author = {Kaufman, G.A. and D.W. Kaufman and McMillan, B.R. and Brillhart, D.E.}
}
@article {KNZ00462,
	title = {Small mammals in northeastern Kansas: differences in use of interspersed woodland and grassland},
	journal = {The Prairie Naturalist},
	volume = {26},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {107 -116},
	keywords = {LTER-KNZ},
	author = {McMillan, B.R. and D.W. Kaufman}
}
