@article {KNZ001979,
	title = {Periodical cicada emergence resource pulse tracks forest expansion in a tallgrass prairie landscape},
	journal = {Ecosphere},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {e02779. 10.1002/ecs2.2779},
	abstract = {<p>Understanding factors that influence resource pulses is an important aspect of ecosystem ecology. We quantified below- to aboveground energy and nutrient fluxes during the 2015 periodical cicada emergence from forest habitats in a tallgrass prairie matrix and compared results to our prior studies of the 1998 emergence in the same watershed. We estimated 35.2 million cicadas emerged across 159 ha in 2015, almost 2\&times; more than the 19.6 million across 98 ha in 1998. The 2015 emergence resulted in below- to aboveground fluxes of 9.4 metric tons of ash-free dry mass and 1.12 metric tons of N, both ~2\&times; greater than 1998. This corresponds to 59 kg C/ha and 7 kg N/ha in and adjacent to forested areas in 2015. Increased emergence in 2015 was a result of spatial expansion of cicadas, not higher densities. Periodical cicadas are expanding with forest habitats in this region. Cicadas expand into and oviposit in ~40\% of available forest habitat during each emergence. Accordingly, we predict the 2032 emergence will span ~245 ha. Our study demonstrates how human alterations to a landscape, in this case forest expansion linked to fire suppression and reduced grazing, can alter the magnitude and extent of a resource pulse.</p>},
	keywords = {LTER-KNZ},
	doi = {10.1002/ecs2.2019.10.issue-710.1002/ecs2.2779},
	url = {https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ecs2.2779},
	author = {M.R. Whiles and Snyder, Bruce A. and B. Brock and S. Bonjour and Callaham, Mac A. and Meyer, Clinton K. and Bell, Alex}
}
@inbook {KNZ0010,
	title = {Applications of advanced technologies in studying and managing grassland landscape integrity},
	booktitle = {Integrating Landscape Ecology into Natural Resource Management},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {390 -411},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	organization = {Cambridge University Press},
	address = {Cambridge, U.K.},
	keywords = {LTER-KNZ, grassland, landscape},
	author = {Hoch, G. and B. Brock and J. M. Briggs},
	editor = {Liu, J. and Taylor, W.W.}
}
@article {KNZ002,
	title = {Expansion of woody plants in tallgrass prairie: a 15 year study of fire and fire-grazing interactions},
	journal = {The American Midland Naturalist},
	volume = {147},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {287 -294},
	abstract = {Temporal changes in the abundance of trees and a common shrub, Cornus drummondii, were quantified for 15 y (1981{\textendash}1996) in seven tallgrass prairie watersheds in Northeast Kansas. Woody plant responses to different fire frequencies and grazing were assessed with a data set that included >9000 individuals. Although 15 tree species were included in this data set, only four (Juniperus virginiana, Celtis occidentalis, Gleditsia triacanthos and Ulmus americana) were sufficiently abundant for detailed analysis. Over the 15 y study tree density increased by two- to 10-fold, except in watersheds burned annually where woody plants remained almost completely absent throughout the study. Although increased woody plant abundance was expected in watersheds protected from fire, tree and shrub density also increased substantially in watersheds burned only once in 4 y. An intermediate fire frequency (burned every 3{\textendash}5 y) actually increased the abundance of C. drummondii relative to a low fire frequency (burned only once in 15 y). Moreover, a severe wildfire in 1991, which affected all watersheds, did not markedly reverse this pattern of increase in abundance in most tree species. Four years after the addition of native herbivores (Bos bison) to three of the long-term experimental watersheds (infrequently and annually burned) woody plant abundance increased by four- and 40-fold, respectively, compared to corresponding ungrazed watersheds. Thus, the presence of large ungulate grazers in tallgrass prairie resulted in a significant increase in woody plant abundance. The most parsimonious explanation for this phenomenon is that fire intensity and extent was reduced in grazed grasslands allowing greater success of woody species.},
	keywords = {LTER-KNZ, tallgrass prairie, woody plant},
	doi = {10.1674/0003-0031(2002)147[0287:EOWPIT]2.0.CO;2},
	author = {J. M. Briggs and Alan K. Knapp and B. Brock}
}
@article {KNZ00793,
	title = {Emergence of periodical cicadas (Magicicada cassini ) from a Kansas riparian forest: densities, biomass and nitrogen flux},
	journal = {American Midland Naturalist},
	volume = {145},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {176 -187},
	abstract = {The 1998 emergence of 17-y periodical cicadas (Magicicada cassini) on Konza Prairie Research Natural Area (KPRNA), Kansas, was quantified using emergence trap transects and counts of emergence holes. Emergence density, biomass (emergence production) and associated nitrogen flux were estimated for the entire 100 ha gallery forest of Kings Creek, the major drainage network on KPRNA. Emergence commenced on 22 May 1998 and lasted for 24 d, with 87\% of the individuals emerging within the first 9 d. Males dominated early during the emergence, and the sex ratio for the entire population was estimated at 54:46 male:female. Average emergence abundance and biomass estimated from trap transects located in low areas where cicadas were most abundant were 152/m2 and 34.9 g ash-free dry mass (AFDM)/m2, respectively. Based on emergence hole counts, average density and biomass for the 59 ha of gallery forest where cicadas emerged were 27.2 individuals/m2 and 6.3 g AFDM/m2, and emergence hole densities >100/m2 were evident in low areas of the drainage. Emergence density generally decreased with increasing elevation in the catchment. Belowground to aboveground N flux associated with M. cassini emergence in high density areas was \~{}3 g N/m2, and the average for the entire emergence area was 0.63 g N/m2. The total number of individuals that emerged from the Kings Creek riparian forest was estimated at 19.6 million, which represents 4.6 metric tons AFDM and \~{}0.5 metric tons N. This linear, fragmented, gallery forest of the Flint Hills supports a high density of M. cassini, and an emergence event constitutes a significant belowground to aboveground flux of energy and nutrients. Thus, the periodical cicada may be an exception to the notion that insects generally do not represent important resource pools at the ecosystem level.},
	keywords = {LTER-KNZ},
	doi = {10.1674/0003-0031(2001)145[0176:EOPCMC]2.0.CO;2},
	author = {M.R. Whiles and Callaham, M.A. and Meyer, C.K. and B. Brock and Charlton, R.E.}
}
@inbook {KNZ00792,
	title = {Fire in Eastern Ecosystems},
	booktitle = {Wildland Fire in Ecosystems: Effects of Fire on Flora.  Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-42-vol2},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {53 -96},
	publisher = {USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station},
	organization = {USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station},
	address = {Ogden, UT},
	keywords = {LTER-KNZ, fire},
	author = {Wade, D. and B. Brock and Brose, P. and Grace, J. and Hoch, G. and Patterson, W.},
	editor = {Wade, D. and J. Brown}
}
@article {KNZ00724,
	title = {Feeding ecology and emergence production of annual cicadas (Homoptera: Cicadidae) in tallgrass prairie},
	journal = {Oecologia},
	volume = {123},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {535 -542},
	abstract = {The emergence phenology and feeding ecology of annual cicadas in tallgrass prairie are poorly documented. However, these large insects are abundant, and their annual emergence represents a potentially important flux of energy and nutrients from belowground to aboveground. We conducted a study at Konza Prairie Research Natural Area in eastern Kansas to characterize and quantify cicada emergence and associated energy and nutrient fluxes. We established emergence trap transects in three habitat types (upland prairie, lowland prairie, and riparian forest), and collected cicadas every 3 days from May to September. A subset of trapped cicadas was used for species- and sex-specific mass, nutrient, and stable isotope analyses. Five species were trapped during the study, of which three were dominant. Cicadetta calliope and Tibicen aurifera exhibited significantly higher emergence production in upland prairie than in lowland prairie, and were not captured in forested sites at all. T. dorsata emerged from all three habitat types, and though not significant, showed a trend of greater abundance in lowland grasslands. Two less abundant species, T. pruinosa and T. lyricen, emerged exclusively from forested habitats. Nitrogen fluxes associated with total cicada emergence were estimated to be \~{}4 kg N ha{\textendash}1 year{\textendash}1 in both grassland habitats, and 1.01 kg N ha{\textendash}1 year{\textendash}1 in forested sites. Results of stable isotope analyses showed clear patterns of resource partitioning among dominant cicada species emerging from grassland sites. T. aurifera and C. calliope had δ13C and δ15N signatures indicative of feeding on shallowly rooted C4 plants such as the warm-season grasses dominant in tallgrass prairie ecosystems, whereas T. dorsata signatures suggested preferential feeding on more deeply rooted C3 plants.},
	keywords = {LTER-KNZ, grassland, Insect emergence, Nutrient flux, resource partitioning, Stable isotopes},
	doi = {10.1007/s004420000335},
	author = {Callaham, M.A. Jr. and M.R. Whiles and Meyer, C.K. and B. Brock and Charlton, R.E.}
}
@article {KNZ00722,
	title = {Predictive models for grazing distribution: a GIS approach},
	journal = {Journal of Range Management},
	volume = {53},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {39 -46},
	abstract = {Grazing distribution and forage use patterns are important influences on rangeland ecosystems. Spatial patterns of grazing by domestic cattle (Bos taurus) were observed over 2 consecutive years under 2 grazing systems, intensive-early stocking and season-long stocking. The purposes were to determine factors influencing observed patterns and develop predictive models for grazing distribution and forage removal. Field-collected data on grazing distribution were linked with associated geophysical properties of pastures utilizing a GIS. Separate models were developed to predict grazing distribution and forage utilization using a backward stepwise regression procedure. The forage utilization model was linked with grazing distribution by utilizing Tobit analysis. Nineteen independent variables were used to interpret the observed variation in grazing distribution. Comparison of predicted probability of grazing values from the model with the observed grazing distribution in a hold-out data set yielded a close fit (R=.99). Eighteen independent variables were included in the forage removal model. Comparison of predicted forage removal with observed values in a hold-out data set yielded a poor fit (R=.28). Lack of forage quality variables probably accounts for the poor performance of the forage removal model. Differences in the success of the 2 models support the hypothesis that grazing distribution and forage utilization operate at different spatial scales and parameters. The use of GIS holds promise as a technique for developing useful predictive models for range management.},
	keywords = {LTER-KNZ},
	doi = {10.2307/4003390},
	author = {B. Brock and Owensby, C.E.}
}
