01704nas a2200145   4500008004100000245010800041210006900149300001100218490000800229520116500237653000901402100001701411700001401428856011601442       1999                        eng d00aEffects of fire, browsers, and gallers on New Jersey Tea (Ceanothus herbaceous) growth and reproduction0 aEffects of fire browsers and gallers on New Jersey Tea Ceanothus  a51 -580 v1413 aWoody plant species in grassland ecosystems can be subjected to damage from fire and multiple herbivore species, but interactions between fire and herbivory can modify their separate impacts on woody plant life histories. We studied how galling (by Periploca ceanothiella, Lepidoptera: Cosmopterigidae), deer browsing (Odocoilius virginianus) and fire affected the growth and reproduction of the woody shrub Ceanothus herbaceous (Rhamnaceae) on a burned and an unburned site at Konza Prairie Research Natural Area in eastern Kansas. Fire was the major influence on C. herbaceous growth, causing plants to produce long unbranched vegetative ramets from protected belowground meristems, while unburned plants were heavily branched and bore shorter shoots and numerous inflorescences. Unburned plants experienced higher gall frequencies, more galls on their longest shoots, but similar deer browsing compared to burned plants. Ramets with herbivore damage had more branches and inflorescences than undamaged ramets, especially where both herbivores were present. Ceanothus herbaceous' flexible life history responses suggest tolerance of multiple forms of damage.10afire1 aThroop, H.L.1 aFay, P.A.  uhttp://knz.lternet.edu/content/effects-fire-browsers-and-gallers-new-jersey-tea-ceanothus-herbaceous-growth-and