01763nas a2200229 4500008004100000245008600041210006900127300001300196490000700209520106600216653001401282653001401296653001901310653001401329653001801343653001801361653002101379100001601400700001601416700001301432856008801445 1999 eng d00aNutrient and energy characteristics of invertebrates from two locations in Kansas0 aNutrient and energy characteristics of invertebrates from two lo a173 -1860 v313 a

We collected Carabidae, Gryllidae, and Acrididae from three areas in two locations in Kansas to determine if their nutrient and energy characteristics were reated to soil fertility. Carbon content (%) of Acrididae was greater in samples collected on areas with higher soil carbon and nitrogen. Protein content (%) of Carabidae biomass was not related to soil fertility whereas Acrididae was. Calcium and phosphorus content (ppm) of Carabidae biomass did not differ by area, but potassium connntent did. Calcium, phosphorus, potassium, and energy (cal/g) content of Gryllidae biomass varied with frequency of burning in tallgrass prairie. Energy content of Carabidae biomass varied by area and burning; frequency. Protein content did not differ among the three invertebrate taxa, but calcium, phosphorus, and potassium content did. Energy content of Carabidae was greater than that of Acrididae. Differences in nutrient and energy content of invertebrate biomass appeared to be related to vegetation on the areas, which was a reflection of soil fertility.

10aacrididae10aCarabidae10aenergy content10aGryllidae10ainvertebrates10aKonza Prairie10anutrient content1 aShawn, C.P.1 aRobel, R.J.1 aKemp, K. uhttps://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1348&context=tpn#page=4800486nas a2200133 4500008004100000245008400041210006900125300001100194490000700205100001600212700002100228700001500249856008800264 1998 eng d00aNutrient and energetic characteristics of grasshoppers of different life stages0 aNutrient and energetic characteristics of grasshoppers of differ a37 -480 v301 aRobel, R.J.1 aDesjardins, C.A.1 aKemp, K.E. uhttps://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1354&context=tpn#page=4001597nas a2200145 4500008004100000245008000041210006900121300001200190490000800202520108800210100001801298700001601316700001501332856010401347 1997 eng d00aFall point counts: Time of day affects numbers and species of birds counted0 aFall point counts Time of day affects numbers and species of bir a94 -1000 v1003 aTime of day is known to affect results of avian surveys during breeding season and winter. Because little is known of the effects of time of day on avian surveys conducted between breeding season and winter, we conducted a series of point counts during early morning, midmorning, midafternoon, and late afternoon from mid September through early December. Numbers of birds counted and species richness differed by time of day and season, but only 1 of 16 time-of-day differences in numbers of birds counted was significant (P < 0.05) because the number of birds counted fluctuated widely during the study. Point-count data collected during early morning and late afternoon produced similar avian assemblages, but significantly different (P < 0.05) from assemblages created by data collected during midmorning and midafternoon periods, which were significantly different (P < 0.05) from each other. Caution is urged when using point-count data collected at different times of the day in the fall to describe avian abundances and compare avian assemblages in the Plains States1 aO'Leske, D.L.1 aRobel, R.J.1 aKemp, K.E. uhttp://knz.lternet.edu/content/fall-point-counts-time-day-affects-numbers-and-species-birds-counted00582nas a2200145 4500008004100000245011100041210006900152300001300221490000700234100001700241700001600258700001500274700002000289856012700309 1992 eng d00aTime budgets of confined nothern cardinals and Harris' sparrows in flocks and differences in observer data0 aTime budgets of confined nothern cardinals and Harris sparrows i a129 -1370 v631 aShuman, T.W.1 aRobel, R.J.1 aKemp, K.E.1 aZimmerman, J.L. uhttp://knz.lternet.edu/content/time-budgets-confined-nothern-cardinals-and-harris-sparrows-flocks-and-differences-observer01147nas a2200157 4500008004100000245007400041210006900115300001300184490000800197520061700205100001700822700001600839700002000855700001500875856009900890 1989 eng d00aVariance in digestive efficiencies of four sympatric avian granivores0 aVariance in digestive efficiencies of four sympatric avian grani a324 -3260 v1063 a

The efficiency with which an animal obtains energy from its diet is critical to its survival during stressful periods (e.g. winter in terperate zones). We determined the variance in digestive efficiencies among four winter sympatric bird species: the Northern Cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis), Dark-eyed Junco (Junco hyemalis), Harris' Sparrow (Zonotrichia querula), and American Tree Sparrow (Spizella arborea). These species are granivorous birds characterized by strong beaks adapted for cracking seeds (Bent 1968). Of the four species, only the Northern Cardinal ia a year-round resident of Kansas

1 aShuman, T.W.1 aRobel, R.J.1 aZimmerman, J.L.1 aKemp, K.E. uhttp://knz.lternet.edu/content/variance-digestive-efficiencies-four-sympatric-avian-granivores00953nas a2200157 4500008004100000245007400041210006900115300001300184490000700197520042200204100001700626700001600643700001700659700002000676856009900696 1988 eng d00aApparent metabolizable energy content of foods used by mourning doves0 aApparent metabolizable energy content of foods used by mourning  a481 -4830 v523 a

We collected metabolic efficiency and consumption data on 12 seed diets fed to captive mourning doves (Zenaida macroura) under simulated winter conditions. Doves consumed 7-17 g/day of 8 diets (i.e., acceptable) and 0.8-3.5 g/day of 4 diets (i.e., unacceptable). Metabolic efficiencies of doves on the 8 acceptable diets ranged from 69 to 94%. The foods differed in apparent metabolizable energy value to doves

1 aShuman, T.W.1 aRobel, R.J.1 aDayton, A.D.1 aZimmerman, J.L. uhttp://knz.lternet.edu/content/apparent-metabolizable-energy-content-foods-used-mourning-doves00922nas a2200133 4500008004100000245006500041210006500106300001100171490000700182520047900189100001600668700001700684856008700701 1987 eng d00aFeeding by bobwhites on sprouting corn reduced by bendiocarb0 aFeeding by bobwhites on sprouting corn reduced by bendiocarb a35 -400 v903 a

Data collected incidental to an evaluation of toxic properties of bendiocarb to bobwhites (Colinus virginianus) indicated avian repellency properties. 2) More corn seedlings survived bobwhite depredation where bendiocarb was used, and more survived where bendiocarb was applied in-furrow than surface-banded. 3) Additional research is needed to determine the systemic repellency properties of bendiocarb, and to evaluate its usefulness as an avian damage control tool

1 aRobel, R.J.1 aMorrow, M.E. uhttp://knz.lternet.edu/content/feeding-bobwhites-sprouting-corn-reduced-bendiocarb01876nas a2200157 4500008004100000245009400041210006900135300001100204490000700215520131600222100001601538700001701554700001701571700001801588856011201606 1985 eng d00aChronic effects of a prescribed field application of a carbamate insecticide on bobwhites0 aChronic effects of a prescribed field application of a carbamate a47 -640 v103 a

As part of the registration process for agricultural pesticides in the United States, Short-Term Field Tests for Hazard to Birds (small pen studies) are sometimes required for pesticides exhibiting moderate acute toxicity (Environmental Protection Agency 1978). We conducted such a small pen study to determine the chronic hazards of bendiocarb (an insecticide designed to control corn rootworms, trade name TATTOO, Fisons Ltd., Essex, England) to birds. Bendiocarb is a moderately toxic N-methyl N-dimethyl compound typical of the carbamate group of insecticides introduced into the United States in the mid-1950s. The small pen study was conducted with Northern Bobwhites (Colinus virginianus) under normal agricultural conditions. The scope of the study was expanded to include fatty acid analysis of eggs and body tissues of experimental birds, determination of energy content of eggs, quantitative measures of bobwhite mobility and activity, and analysis of brain cholinesterase activity. Major modifications of any of these parameters could pose adverse ecological problems for wild avian populations. This report presents the results of this small pen study and is contribution No. 85-347-J, Division of Biology, Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66502

1 aRobel, R.J.1 aArruda, S.M.1 aMorrow, M.E.1 aO'Neill, D.H. uhttp://knz.lternet.edu/content/chronic-effects-prescribed-field-application-carbamate-insecticide-bobwhites01253nas a2200169 4500008004100000245010500041210006900146300001300215490000700228520065900235653000900894653000900903653000900912100001900921700001600940856012700956 1984 eng d00aPreferences and influence of paired food items on energy intake of American robins and gray catbirds0 aPreferences and influence of paired food items on energy intake  a198 -2020 v483 a

Seed selection by avian granivores has been studied intensively in laboratories, but comparable studies have not been reported for frugivores. Kantak (1979) and Baird (1980) both postulate that conspicuous color may play a more important role in food selection by frugivores than the size or nutritional quality of the fruit. Knowledge of fruit preferences may increase the effectiveness of habitat improvement programs designed to benefit frugivorous birds. We conducted a study using two frugivorous birds, American robins (Turdus migratorius) and gray catbirds (Dumetella carolinensis), to provide data on food selection by frugivores in Kansas

10abird10adiet10afoot1 aHazelton, P.K.1 aRobel, R.J. uhttp://knz.lternet.edu/content/preferences-and-influence-paired-food-items-energy-intake-american-robins-and-gray-catbirds