00684nas a2200157 4500008004100000245010200041210006900143300001200212490000800224100001800232700001800250700001800268700001500286700001900301856020600320 2020 eng d00aCommunities of small mammals, tallgrass prairie, and prescribed fire: a fire-reversal experiment0 aCommunities of small mammals tallgrass prairie and prescribed fi a31 - 490 v1231 aKaufman, D.W.1 aKaufman, G.A.1 aKaufman, D.M.1 aReed, A.W.1 aRehmeier, R.L. uhttps://bioone.org/journals/Transactions-of-the-Kansas-Academy-of-Science/volume-123/issue-1-2/062.123.0103/Communities-of-Small-Mammals-Tallgrass-Prairie-and-Prescribed-Fire/10.1660/062.123.0103.short02433nas a2200133 4500008004100000245012300041210006900164300001300233490000700246520181700253100001802070700001802088856019302106 2012 eng d00aHispid pocket mice in tallgrass prairie: abundance, seasonal activity, habitat association, and individual attributes0 aHispid pocket mice in tallgrass prairie abundance seasonal activ a377 -3920 v723 a

Hispid pocket mice (Chaetodipus hispidus) are found from the grasslands of the Great Plains to the deserts of the southwestern United States, but the natural history and ecology of this species have not been described in native tallgrass prairie at the eastern edge of its range. We initiated an ongoing long-term study of small mammals on Konza Prairie Biological Station, Kansas (a Long-Term Ecological Research [LTER] site), in autumn 1981. Our sampling scheme for 14 LTER sites was a 20-station trapline; small mammals were sampled in autumn and spring for 30 years and in summer for a shorter period. We combined data for these sites with those from shorter studies on Konza Prairie that used traplines and trapping grids. We recorded only 96 hispid pocket mice over the 30 years of study (>300,000 trap-nights overall). Pocket mice were more likely to be captured in autumn and summer than in spring. The earliest annual capture was on 20 March and the latest on 7 December; males emerged from torpor in spring before females, whereas females entered torpor later in autumn. Precipitation (January—September) had a tight limiting effect on maximal number of individuals that were present in autumn. Pocket mice were more common on slope prairie than on upland or lowland prairie, but burning and grazing had no effect. Their spatiotemporal distribution showed a slightly “anti-nested” pattern with only weakly preferred sites and no focal years that might indicate favorable conditions. Collectively, our data suggested the presence of 3 age classes when individual body masses (no differences between males and females) were plotted against capture date. Finally, our study illustrates the importance of long-term data sets, especially in the study of uncommon to rare species.

1 aKaufman, G.A.1 aKaufman, D.M. uhttps://bioone.org/journals/Western-North-American-Naturalist/volume-72/issue-3/064.072.0312/Hispid-Pocket-Mice-in-Tallgrass-Prairie--Abundance-Seasonal-Activity/10.3398/064.072.0312.short02685nas a2200265 4500008004100000245010400041210006900145300001300214490000800227520188700235653001402122653002902136653001402165653002302179653001802202653002302220653001702243653002502260653001702285653002202302100001802324700001802342700001802360856004102378 2011 eng d00aAbundance and spatiotemporal distribution of the non-native house mouse in native tallgrass prairie0 aAbundance and spatiotemporal distribution of the nonnative house a217 -2300 v1143 a

We have sampled small mammals on the Konza Prairie Biological Station, in eastern Kansas, from autumn 1981 through the present. One part of this effort has involved sampling rodents and shrews on 14 permanent traplines (20 stations, 15-m interstation intervals and 4 consecutive nights) situated in native tallgrass prairie during each of 29 autumns and 29 springs as well as 6 summers. In these permanent sites, house mice (Mus musculus) were extremely uncommon as illustrated by average abundances of 0.023 mice/100 trap nights (TN) in autumn, 0.022 mice/100 TN in summer and 0.000 mice/100 TN in spring. Precipitation in summer influenced autumn use of tallgrass prairie by house mice; captures only occurred in autumn when precipitation was ≥300 mm in the previous summer. House mice were slightly more likely (though not significantly) to be captured in lowland than upland or hill slope prairie. The distribution of occurrence was not influenced by fire (burned or unburned) or grazing history (grazed or ungrazed). Over our total trapping efforts on Konza Prairie (sampling on the permanent traplines plus other traplines and grids), we captured only 36 house mice or about 0.01 individual/100 TN. Overall, more males (64%) than females were captured; males, on average, were larger (14.0 g) than females (10.5 g) in body size; females typically were non-reproductive (only one of 13 was pregnant) and individuals typically were trapped only once. Captures were distributed broadly in both space and time and lacked predictability (i.e., exhibited an “anti-nested” distribution of captures). These and other patterns suggest that most house mice were transients in the tallgrass prairie. Distribution and abundance of house mice also imply that this introduced species is extremely uncommon and likely will never be invasive in native tallgrass prairie.

10aabundance10aanti-nested distribution10abody size10aintroduced species10aKonza Prairie10alimestone outcrops10aMus musculus10aplanted brome fields10areproduction10awoodland habitats1 aKaufman, D.W.1 aKaufman, D.M.1 aKaufman, G.A. uhttps://doi.org/10.1660/062.114.030301452nas a2200145 4500008004100000245011700041210006900158300001300227490000700240520096400247100001801211700001801229700001801247856004101265 2011 eng d00aTreated versus new traps: does chronic application of disinfectant to live traps reduce trappability of rodents?0 aTreated versus new traps does chronic application of disinfectan a224 -2300 v563 a

We examined whether chronic exposure of traps to disinfectant reduced trappability of rodents as compared to new traps. We tested whether rodents initially chose between treated (disinfected) and new traps and if total number of captures differed between these treatments. Disinfectant did not reduce catchability of traps; rodents actually preferred treated traps. In initial pair-wise choice tests, rodents overall and the predominant North American deermouse, Peromyscus maniculatus, chose significantly more treated than new traps, although this difference disappeared as time of exposure of new traps in the environment increased. Total captures of small mammals and North American deermice did not differ between treated and new traps. Therefore, treated traps were never avoided; this has important implications in general, but especially for long-term studies where censuses are conducted using pre-disinfectant and post-disinfectant protocols.

1 aKaufman, G.A.1 aKaufman, D.M.1 aKaufman, D.W. uhttps://doi.org/10.1894/F12-RTS-12.102594nas a2200169 4500008004100000245012200041210006900163300001500232490000700247520200200254100001402256700001802270700002302288700001902311700001702330856007702347 2008 eng d00aChanges in grassland ecosystem function due to extreme rainfall events: implications for responses to climate change0 aChanges in grassland ecosystem function due to extreme rainfall  a1600 -16080 v143 a

Climate change is causing measurable changes in rainfall patterns, and will likely cause increases in extreme rainfall events, with uncertain implications for key processes in ecosystem function and carbon cycling. We examined how variation in rainfall total quantity (Q), the interval between rainfall events (I), and individual event size (SE) affected soil water content (SWC) and three aspects of ecosystem function: leaf photosynthetic carbon gain (inline image), aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP), and soil respiration (inline image). We utilized rainout shelter-covered mesocosms (2.6 m3) containing assemblages of tallgrass prairie grasses and forbs. These were hand watered with 16 I×Q treatment combinations, using event sizes from 4 to 53 mm. Increasing Q by 250% (400–1000 mm yr−1) increased mean soil moisture and all three processes as expected, but only by 20–55% (P≤0.004), suggesting diminishing returns in ecosystem function as Q increased. Increasing I (from 3 to 15 days between rainfall inputs) caused both positive (inline image) and negative (inline image) changes in ecosystem processes (20–70%, P≤0.01), within and across levels of Q, indicating that I strongly influenced the effects of Q, and shifted the system towards increased net carbon uptake. Variation in SE at shorter I produced greater response in soil moisture and ecosystem processes than did variation in SE at longer I, suggesting greater stability in ecosystem function at longer I and a priming effect at shorter I. Significant differences in ANPP and inline image between treatments differing in I and Q but sharing the same SE showed that the prevailing pattern of rainfall influenced the responses to a given event size. Grassland ecosystem responses to extreme rainfall patterns expected with climate change are, therefore, likely to be variable, depending on how I, Q, and SE combine, but will likely result in changes in ecosystem carbon cycling.

1 aFay, P.A.1 aKaufman, D.M.1 aNippert, Jesse, B.1 aCarlisle, J.D.1 aHarper, C.W. uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01605.x02231nas a2200253 4500008004100000245008800041210006900129300001300198490000800211520144800219100001601667700001401683700002001697700001501717700001801732700001801750700001901768700001601787700001801803700001801821700001601839700001201855856011001867 2006 eng d00aA comparison of the species-timerelationship across ecosystems and taxonomic groups0 acomparison of the speciestimerelationship across ecosystems and  a185 -1950 v1123 aThe species–time relationship (STR) describes how the species richness of a community increases with the time span over which the community is observed. This pattern has numerous implications for both theory and conservation in much the same way as the species–area relationship (SAR). However, the STR has received much less attention and to date only a handful of papers have been published on the pattern. Here we gather together 984 community time-series, representing 15 study areas and nine taxonomic groups, and evaluate their STRs in order to assess the generality of the STR, its consistency across ecosystems and taxonomic groups, its functional form, and its relationship to local species richness. In general, STRs were surprisingly similar across major taxonomic groups and ecosystem types. STRs tended to be well fit by both power and logarithmic functions, and power function exponents typically ranged between 0.2 and 0.4. Communities with high richness tended to have lower STR exponents, suggesting that factors increasing richness may simultaneously decrease turnover in ecological systems. Our results suggest that the STR is as fundamental an ecological pattern as the SAR, and raise questions about the general processes underlying this pattern. They also highlight the dynamic nature of most species assemblages, and the need to incorporate time scale in both basic and applied research on species richness patterns.1 aWhite, E.P.1 aAdler, P.1 aLauenroth, W.K.1 aGill, R.A.1 aGreenberg, D.1 aKaufman, D.M.1 aRassweiler, A.1 aRusak, J.A.1 aSmith, M., A.1 aSteinbeck, J.1 aWaide, R.B.1 aYao, J. uhttp://knz.lternet.edu/content/comparison-species-timerelationship-across-ecosystems-and-taxonomic-groups01764nas a2200181 4500008004100000245005800041210005600099300001500155490000700170520121900177100001401396700001601410700002001426700001801446700001901464700001601483856008301499 2005 eng d00aEvidence for a general species-time-area relationship0 aEvidence for a general speciestimearea relationship a2032 -20390 v863 aThe species–area relationship (SAR) plays a central role in biodiversity research, and recent work has increased awareness of its temporal analogue, the species– time relationship (STR). Here we provide evidence for a general species–time–area relationship (STAR), in which species number is a function of the area and time span of sampling, as well as their interaction. For eight assemblages, ranging from lake zooplankton to desert rodents, this model outperformed a sampling-based model and two simpler models in which area and time had independent effects. In every case, the interaction term was negative, meaning that rates of species accumulation in space decreased with the time span of sampling, while species accumulation rates in time decreased with area sampled. Although questions remain about its precise functional form, the STAR provides a tool for scaling species richness across time and space, for comparing the relative rates of species turnover in space and time at different scales of sampling, and for rigorous testing of mechanisms proposed to drive community dynamics. Our results show that the SAR and STR are not separate relationships but two dimensions of one unified pattern.1 aAdler, P.1 aWhite, E.P.1 aLauenroth, W.K.1 aKaufman, D.M.1 aRassweiler, A.1 aRusak, J.A. uhttp://knz.lternet.edu/content/evidence-general-species-time-area-relationship00652nas a2200157 4500008004100000245011600041210006900157260004100226300001100267653002200278100001800300700001800318700001800336700001700354856012300371 2000 eng d00aFaunal structure of small mammals in tallgrass prairie: an evaluation of richness and spatiotemporal nestedness0 aFaunal structure of small mammals in tallgrass prairie an evalua aHays, KSbFort Hays State University a47 -7010atallgrass prairie1 aKaufman, D.M.1 aKaufman, G.A.1 aKaufman, D.W.1 aChoate, J.R. uhttp://knz.lternet.edu/content/faunal-structure-small-mammals-tallgrass-prairie-evaluation-richness-and-spatiotemporal00510nas a2200121 4500008004100000245008700041210006900128260004600197300001100243490002100254100001800275856009500293 1998 eng d00aThe structure of mammalian faunas in the New World: from continents to communities0 astructure of mammalian faunas in the New World from continents t aAlbuquerque, NMbUniversity of New Mexico a1 -1300 vPhD Dissertation1 aKaufman, D.M. uhttp://knz.lternet.edu/content/structure-mammalian-faunas-new-world-continents-communities00497nas a2200121 4500008004100000245009600041210006900137300001300206490000700219100001800226700001800244856011300262 1992 eng d00aGeographic variation in length of tail of white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) in Kansas0 aGeographic variation in length of tail of whitefooted mice Perom a789 -7930 v731 aKaufman, D.M.1 aKaufman, D.W. uhttp://knz.lternet.edu/content/geographic-variation-length-tail-white-footed-mice-peromyscus-leucopus-kansas01252nas a2200157 4500008004100000245010400041210006900145300001300214490000700227520067900234653001100913653001200924100001800936700001800954856012200972 1984 eng d00aSize preference for novel objects by the eastern woodrat (Neotoma floridana) under field conditions0 aSize preference for novel objects by the eastern woodrat Neotoma a129 -1310 v873 a

Natural objects such as branches, leaves, bones and rocks are used in the construction and maintenance of houses by eastern woodrats. Woodrats also use novel items, e.g. pieces of metal, introduced into their home ranges. Ireland and Hays (1969) took advantage of this tendency and examined home range size from observations of the use of number tinfoil balls by woodrats. We examined the use of novel items, aluminum foil balls, plased in areas used by woodrats under field conditions to answer two general questions: 1) Do woodrats exhibit a size preference for novel items? 2) Does preference vary with distance between the house or burrow and the available items?

10arodent10awoodrat1 aKaufman, D.M.1 aKaufman, D.W. uhttp://knz.lternet.edu/content/size-preference-novel-objects-eastern-woodrat-neotoma-floridana-under-field-conditions